CONCLUSIONS:Cryo-Rolling

1. In ECAP, the deformation is non uniform along the transverse axis. This is because the skin experiences more shear resistance than the center portion during deformation. Hence, the center portion of the structure is almost completely unaffected to the applied load in the initial stages.
2. The grain refinement is more predominant in Chilled Cast samples as compared to the other cast samples. This is due to higher grain boundary areas causing more refinement in the microstructure during deformation process.
3. The microstructures are prepared at different conditions (chilled, metallic mold and sand castings) showing three to four times increase in grain size from chilled cast to sand cast structure.
4. After two deformations through ECAP, chilled casting and metal mold castings crushed to such an extent that it is very difficult to identify individual grains at 100X magnification. And after four deformations the average grain size reduced to micron levels.